‘Patterning’ frictional differentiation to a polymer surface by atomic force microscopy

The surface structure and chemistry of polymers affect their functionality for a great range of applications in areas as diverse as biosensors, corrosion protection, semiconductor processing, biofouling, tissue engineering and biomaterials technology. Some of those applications require purposeful tailoring of laterally differentiated regions (e.g., array structures for multi-channel/multi-analyte biosensors and patterning for promotion of selective adhesion of cells/proteins). While such tailoring is currently taking place on the μm-scale, it is likely in the future to progress into the nm-regime. Attachment of biological moieties at surfaces and interfaces has been shown to be highly dependant on local chemistry at the intended site of attachment. Additionally, the local molecular-scale geometry may promote or hinder attachment events, as in the case of biofilms. To date, however, the effect of frictional properties of surfaces for chemical and biomolecular attachment is a much less understood phenomenon. In this study we show controlled patterning of a polymer surface (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) arising from manipulation by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). PDMS is a bio-active/selective polymer having a broad range of applications, such as biomedical devices, molecular stamps, hydraulic fluid devices and in soft lithography. The polymer surface has been selectively altered by high speed scanning in order to generate regions on the surface that exhibit differentiated frictional properties. By altering the loading force, scan width, and area of the AFM probe-to-polymer contact it is possible to produce a variety of detailed and complex patterns with frictional contrast, including anisotropic frictional gradients on the polymer surface. The controlled manipulation of the polymer surface can be carried out on the micro-, mesoand nano-scale.